Chapter 8- Information Security and Cyber Law

 1. Digital Society

Digital society is a society where people use digital technology and the internet in daily life for communication, education, business, and entertainment. In a digital society, information is shared quickly using computers, smartphones, and the internet.

Examples:

·         Online classes using Zoom or Google Meet

·         Online banking and digital payments

·         Social media communication

 

2. Digital Citizenship

Digital citizenship means using the internet and digital devices safely, responsibly, and respectfully.

A good digital citizen:

·         Protects personal information

·         Respects others online

·         Follows internet rules and laws

 

3. Cyber crime 

Cyber crime is any illegal activities that are done through the use of computer devices and Internet.

 

Types of cyber crime:

·  Hacking: Breaking into computers or accounts without permission to steal, change, or damage information.

·  Child pornography: Illegal pictures or videos that show children in sexual ways. It is a serious crime.

·  Phishing: Tricking people into giving personal information (like passwords or bank details) by pretending to be a trusted person or company.

·  Plagiarism: Using someone else’s work or ideas and pretending they are your own.

·  Ransomware: A type of virus that locks your files and demands money to unlock them.

·  Cyberbullying: Using the internet or phones to bully, threaten, or embarrass someone.

·  Piracy: Downloading or sharing movies, music, games, or software illegally.

 

 Prevention Measures of Cyber Crime:

·  Use strong passwords – Make passwords long and hard to guess, and don’t share them.

·  Keep software updated – Updates fix security problems that hackers use.

·  Don’t click suspicious links – Avoid unknown emails, messages, or pop-ups.

·  Use antivirus and firewalls – They help protect your device from viruses and attacks.

·  Be careful with personal information – Don’t share private details online unless you trust the site.

· Use password and biometrics

·Backup System

·Cryptography is the method of protecting information by changing it into a secret code so only the right people can read it

·Firewall is a security system that protects a computer or network by blocking harmful or unauthorized access from the internet.

 

 4. Computer Ethics

Computer ethics are the moral rules and guidelines that people should follow when using computers.

 

5. Cyber Ethics

Cyber ethics refers to ethical behavior when using the internet.

 

6. Malicious Software

Malicious software (Malware) is software designed to damage, steal data, or harm a computer system.

 

Common types of malware:

 Virus – attaches to files and spreads to other computers

 Worm – spreads automatically through networks

 Trojan Horse – looks like useful software but harms the system

 Spyware – secretly collects user information

 

7. Cyber Security

Cyber security is the practice of protecting computers, networks, and data from cyber-attacks. It helps keep information safe and private.

 

Methods of cyber security:

·         Using strong passwords

·         Installing antivirus software

·         Using firewalls

·         Updating software regularly

 

Example:

·         Using antivirus to protect your computer from viruses.

 

8. Intellectual Property Right (IPR)

Intellectual Property Right is the legal right that protects creations of the mind such as software, music, books, and inventions.

 

Types of intellectual property:

·         Copyright

·         Patent

·         Trademark

 

 

 

 

9. Digital Signature

A digital signature is an electronic method used to verify the authenticity of digital documents or messages.

 

10. Cyber Law in Nepal

Cyber law refers to the laws that control internet use, cyber crimes, and digital communication.

Cyber law was introduced on30th Bhadra 2062 B.S  in Nepal.

In Nepal, cyber law is mainly covered by the

Electronic Transactions Act.

 

11. ICT Policy in Nepal

The ICT Policy is a government plan to develop information and communication technology in the country.

 

Main objectives:

·         Expand internet access across the country

·         Promote digital governance

·         Develop IT industries

·         Improve digital literacy

 

 

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