Chapter 7: Recent trends in Technology

 1. (2082) Q.No. 14:What is AI? Explain application areas of AI in education. [5]

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a technology that enables machines and computer systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. These tasks include learning from experience, understanding language, recognizing objects, solving problems, and making decisions. AI uses algorithms and data to imitate human thinking and behavior. It helps machines act smart and work automatically without constant human instructions.

Application Areas of AI in Education:

1. Personalized Learning:

   AI analyses each student’s learning speed, strengths, and weaknesses. It creates customized study plans, learning materials, and practice questions that suit individual student needs. This improves learning effectiveness.

2. Smart Tutoring Systems:

   AI-based tutoring systems work like virtual teachers. They explain difficult topics, provide hints during problem-solving, and answer student questions instantly. This gives students extra help beyond classroom teaching.

3. Automatic Grading and Assessment:

   AI tools can check objective tests, quizzes, and assignments automatically. This saves the teacher’s time and also reduces human error. Some AI systems can even check short answers and essays.

4. Administrative Support:

   AI is used for attendance recording, timetable creation, fee management, and report preparation. This reduces the workload of teachers and school staff and increases efficiency.

5. Student Performance Prediction and Guidance:

   AI studies student performance data and predicts which students need extra support. It also suggests suitable courses and career paths based on a student’s skills and interests.

 

2. (2081 GIE Set A) Q.No. 14:Define Robotics. Explain the application of Robotics in industry and healthcare. [5]

Robotics is the branch of science and engineering that deals with the design, construction, operation, and programming of robots. A robot is a programmable machine capable of performing tasks automatically or semi-automatically. Robotics combines mechanical engineering, electronics, computer programming, and AI to create machines that can work like humans or even better.

Applications of Robotics in Industry:

1. Manufacturing and Assembly:

   Robots assemble cars, mobiles, and electronic items with high speed and accuracy. They work 24/7 without getting tired.

2. Welding and Painting:

   Industrial robots are used in welding and painting because they maintain uniform quality and reduce human exposure to harmful fumes.

3. Material Handling and Packaging:

   Robots lift heavy materials, sort products, and pack goods in industries. This increases safety and reduces labor cost.

Applications of Robotics in Healthcare:

1. Surgical Robots:

   Robots assist doctors in complex surgeries with high precision. They reduce human error and help in faster patient recovery.

2. Hospital Service Robots:

   These robots carry medicines, reports, and equipment inside hospitals, which reduces workload on staff.

3. Rehabilitation and Therapy:

   Robots support disabled or injured patients during therapy. Robotic arms and exoskeletons help patients walk or regain movement.

 

 3. (2081 GIE Set B) Q.No. 14: Define the terms Big Data and IoT. [5]

Big Data:

Big Data refers to extremely large and complex sets of data that cannot be stored, processed, or analyzed using traditional database systems. Big Data comes from social media, sensors, online transactions, mobile phones, and websites. It is important because it helps organizations understand trends, make predictions, and improve decision-making.

 

IoT (Internet of Things):

The Internet of Things is a network of physical devices connected to the internet. These devices can collect, share, and act on data without human involvement. Examples include smart watches, smart TVs, security cameras, smart home systems, and health trackers.

 

 4. (2081) Q.No. 14 Give five examples of AI applications in education. [5]

1. AI-based Learning Apps: Apps like Duolingo, Khan Academy, and BYJU’s use AI to suggest lessons and quizzes based on student progress.

2. Automatic Exam Grading: AI software checks objective tests and sometimes essay questions.

3. Virtual Teaching Assistants: Chatbots answer student questions and help with homework.

4. Smart Classroom Systems: AI tools track attendance, give reminders, and record performance.

5. Online Proctoring: AI monitors students during online exams to prevent cheating.

 

5. (2080 GIE Set A) Q.No. 14:  Define Cloud Computing Services. [5]

Cloud computing services are online services that provide computing resources such as storage, software, and processing power through the internet. Users do not need to install heavy software or buy expensive hardware; they can use services from cloud providers like Google, Microsoft, and Amazon.

 

 Main Cloud Computing Services (Models):

1. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service):

   Provides virtual machines, storage, and networks. Users rent IT infrastructure instead of buying physical hardware.

2. PaaS (Platform as a Service):

   Provides development tools and platforms for software developers. It helps create, test, and deploy applications easily.

3. SaaS (Software as a Service):

   Provides complete software applications over the internet (Google Docs, Gmail, Office 365). Users don’t need installation or maintenance.

 

6. (2080 GIE Set B) Q.No. 14: Give any five examples of AI-related applications. [5]

1. Virtual Assistants: Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant.

2. Self-Driving Cars: AI helps cars drive automatically and identify road conditions.

3. Facial Recognition: Used in mobile phones, airports, and security systems.

4. Chatbots: Used in customer care services to answer questions automatically.

5. Spam Email Filters: AI detects unwanted or harmful emails.

 

7. (2080) Q.No. 14: What is cloud computing? Point out the advantages and disadvantages. [1+4]

Cloud computing is a technology that provides computing resources such as storage, software, and processing power over the internet. Instead of storing data on a local computer, users store and access it online.

 

Advantages of Cloud Computing:

1. Low Cost: Users don’t need to buy expensive hardware or software.

2. Accessibility: Data and applications can be used from anywhere and from any device.

3. Scalability: Users can increase or decrease resources as needed.

4. Automatic Updates: The cloud service provider updates software and security automatically.

 

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing:

1. Requires Internet Connection: Without internet, cloud services cannot be used.

2. Security Risks: Storing data online may increase chances of hacking.

3. Less Control: Users depend on the provider for maintenance and security.

4. Possible Downtime: If the server fails, cloud services become unavailable.

 

  8. (2079 GIE Set A) Q.No. 14: Explain the concept of cloud computing. [5]

Cloud computing is a modern technology that delivers different computing services over the internet. Instead of using a personal computer or local server to store data and run software, users access these services from remote servers located in data centers. These servers are managed by cloud service providers such as Google, Amazon, and Microsoft.

 

 Key Features of Cloud Computing:

1. On-demand service: Users can use resources whenever they need without manual setup.

2. Broad network access: Cloud services can be accessed from desktops, mobiles, and laptops.

3. Resource pooling: Many users share the same cloud system, which reduces cost.

4. Scalability: Resources can be increased or decreased based on requirement.

5. Measured service: Users pay only for the resources they actually use.

 

9. (2079 GIE Set B) Q.No. 14  Write a short note on E-governance and E-commerce. [3+2]

 

E-Governance:

E-governance refers to the use of information and communication technology (ICT) by the government to provide public services, share information, and manage administrative activities. It makes government services more transparent, fast, and convenient. Examples include online form submission, online tax payment, digital citizenship services, voter registration, and complaint systems.

E-governance helps reduce corruption, saves time, and provides equal access to government services.

 

E-Commerce:

E-commerce means buying and selling goods or services through the internet. It includes online shopping, online banking, mobile payment, and online ticket booking. Platforms like Amazon, Daraz, and eSewa are examples.

E-commerce makes shopping easy, saves time, and offers products at competitive prices.

 

 10. (2079 Set A) Q.No. 14  Explain the popular five application areas of AI. [5]

 1. Healthcare:

AI is used for diagnosing diseases, analyzing medical reports, predicting patient health conditions, and assisting in robotic surgeries. It improves accuracy and reduces human error.

 2. Education:

AI tools provide personalized learning, smart tutoring, automatic grading, and performance tracking. Chatbots help students with instant answers.

 3. Transportation:

Self-driving cars use AI to detect obstacles, follow traffic rules, and ensure safe driving. AI also helps manage traffic systems and route planning.

 4. Banking and Finance:

AI detects fraud, analyzes customer behavior, automates transactions, and improves security. Chatbots assist in customer service.

 5. Entertainment:

AI recommends movies, music, and videos based on user preference. Platforms like Netflix and YouTube use AI algorithms for suggestions.

 

11. (2078 Set C) Q.No. 13: How can you minimize computer crime? Explain. [5]

Computer crimes include hacking, phishing, identity theft, and virus attacks. To minimize such crimes, several preventive measures can be taken.

 (1) Use Strong Passwords:

Use long and unique passwords with numbers, symbols, and letters. Avoid using common passwords like birthdates.

 (2) Install Antivirus and Security Software:

Reliable antivirus software protects the system from malware, spyware, and viruses. It should be updated regularly.

 (3) Regular Software Updates:

Software updates fix security vulnerabilities. Keeping operating systems and applications updated prevents unauthorized access.

 (4) Avoid Suspicious Emails and Websites:

Cybercriminals often use fake emails and harmful links. Users should avoid opening unknown attachments or websites.

 (5) Use Firewall and Backup Data:

A firewall blocks unauthorized users. Regular backup ensures data safety even if an attack occurs.

 

 12. (2078 Set C) Q.No. 14: What is E-commerce? List out the demerits of E-commerce. [1+4]

E-commerce is the process of buying and selling goods or services over the internet. It includes online shopping, online payments, electronic banking, and digital transactions.

 

Demerits of E-commerce:

1. Security Issues:

   Online transactions may be attacked by hackers, leading to financial loss or data theft.

2. Lack of Physical Inspection:

   Customers cannot touch or test a product before buying, which may result in dissatisfaction.

3. Delivery Problems:

   Goods may arrive late, damaged, or may not arrive at all in some cases.

4. Requires Internet Access:

   People without internet cannot use e-commerce services, which creates a digital gap.

 

13. (2077 Set D) Q.No. 7: What is AI? Describe the applications of AI. [2+3]

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that develops systems capable of performing tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, and decision-making.

 

Applications of AI:

1. Healthcare:

   AI identifies diseases, analyzes medical images, and supports robotic surgeries.

2. Transportation:

   AI powers self-driving cars and helps in traffic control systems.

3. Education:

   AI supports smart tutoring systems, grading, and personalized learning.

4. Banking:

   AI detects fraud, automates customer service, and improves transaction security.

5. Home Automation:

   AI is used in smart home devices like voice assistants, security cameras, and smart lighting.

 

 14. (2076 GIE Set B) Q.No. 13: What are the importance of e-learning in the 21st century? Write the importance of multimedia in e-learning. [3+2]

 

Importance of E-learning in the 21st Century

1. Anytime, Anywhere Learning:

   Students can access lessons from home, schools, or any place with the internet.

2. Cost Effective:

   E-learning reduces travel and textbook cost. Digital resources are cheaper.

3. Self-Paced Learning:

   Students can learn at their own speed. They can repeat lessons until they understand.

4. Global Access to Knowledge:

   Students can join online courses from international universities.

5. Environment Friendly:

   Reduces use of paper and physical materials.

 

Importance of Multimedia in E-learning

1. Improves Understanding:

   Multimedia uses images, videos, animations, and sounds which help in better learning.

2. Increases Engagement:

   Multimedia content makes learning interesting and keeps learners motivated.

3. Supports Different Learning Styles:

   Visual and audio learners benefit from multimedia-based lessons.

 

 15. (2076) Q.No. 14: What are the roles of AI in our real life? List out AI-related systems in our society. [1+4]

Role of AI in Real Life

Artificial Intelligence plays an important role in real life by helping humans perform tasks faster, more accurately, and with less effort. AI supports decision-making, automates daily activities, improves safety, and provides personalized services in various sectors such as education, health, banking, transportation, and communication.

 

AI-Related Systems in Our Society

1. Smart Assistants:

   Devices like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant use AI to understand voice commands and perform tasks such as answering questions or controlling smart home devices.

2. Facial Recognition Systems:

   Used in mobile phones, airports, and security systems to identify and verify people based on their facial features.

3. Navigation Systems:

   Google Maps and GPS systems use AI to analyze traffic, suggest fastest routes, and predict travel time.

4. Chatbots and Customer Service Systems:

   Many companies use AI chatbots to respond to customer queries instantly, reducing human workload.

5. Recommendation Systems:

   YouTube, Netflix, and Facebook use AI to suggest videos, movies, or posts based on user preferences.

 

16. (2075 GIE) Q.No. 14: Define the terms e-governance and e-medicine. [2.5+2.5]

 

E-governance:

E-governance means the use of information and communication technology (ICT) by the government to provide services, exchange information, communicate with citizens, and improve administrative processes. Through e-governance, people can access government services online such as applying for citizenship, paying taxes, registering complaints, and downloading government forms. It increases transparency, reduces corruption, saves time, and makes government services easily accessible to all citizens.

 

E-medicine:

E-medicine refers to the use of digital technologies and the internet to provide medical services. It includes online doctor consultation, telemedicine, electronic medical records, online appointment booking, and digital health monitoring. E-medicine is useful for patients living in remote areas, as it provides fast and affordable healthcare without requiring physical visits to hospitals.

 

17. (2075 Set A) Q.No. 12: Define the terms e-business and e-learning. [2.5+2.5]

 E-business

E-business refers to all business activities carried out using the internet and digital technologies. It includes buying and selling goods, online banking, supply chain management, digital marketing, and customer service. E-business helps companies reach global customers, reduce operational costs, and provide services 24/7.

 

E-learning

E-learning is a learning method that uses electronic devices, the internet, and multimedia technologies to deliver educational content. It allows students to learn from anywhere at any time through online courses, videos, digital books, and virtual classrooms. E-learning supports self-paced study and provides access to a wide range of online educational resources.

 

18. (2074 Set B) Q.No. 13: What are the advantages and disadvantages of social media? [5]

 Advantages of Social Media:

1. Easy Communication:

   Social media allows people to communicate quickly with friends, family, and communities across the world.

2. Information Sharing:

   People can share news, ideas, educational content, and resources instantly.

3. Education and Learning:

   Students can use social media for online learning, group discussions, and accessing study materials.

4. Business Promotion:

   Companies use social media for advertising, customer engagement, and product promotion at low cost.

5. Entertainment:

   Social media provides videos, music, games, and many other forms of entertainment.

 

Disadvantages of Social Media:

1. Addiction:

   Excessive use of social media can lead to addiction and reduce productivity.

2. Cyberbullying:

   People may face harassment, threats, or abusive comments online.

3. Privacy Issues:

   Personal information can be leaked or misused by hackers or companies.

4. Fake News:

   False information spreads easily, causing confusion and harm.

5. Mental Health Problems:

   Overuse may lead to stress, anxiety, and low self-esteem.

 

 19. (2075 Set B) Q.No. 14:  What is E-commerce? Point out the advantages of E-commerce. [1+4]

E-commerce is the process of buying and selling goods or services through the internet. It includes online shopping, digital payments, online banking, and mobile commerce.

 

Advantages of E-commerce

1. Convenience:

   Customers can shop from home 24/7 without visiting physical stores.

2. Wide Range of Products:

   E-commerce platforms offer a large variety of products from different brands and sellers.

3. Time and Cost Saving:

   It saves travel time and often provides products at lower prices with discounts.

4. Global Access:

   People can buy and sell products worldwide, without geographical limitations.

5. Easy Comparison:

   Customers can compare prices, reviews, and features before buying.

 

20. (2073 Set D) Q.No. 12: What is AI? Explain cyber law. [2+3]

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a technology that enables computers and machines to perform tasks that require human intelligence, such as learning, speaking, solving problems, and recognizing objects. AI helps make systems smarter and capable of taking decisions on their own.

 

Cyber Law

Cyber law refers to the laws and rules that protect people from crimes committed using computers, mobile phones, and the internet. It deals with issues like hacking, data theft, cyberbullying, identity theft, online fraud, and misuse of digital information.

 

Cyber law ensures safe online activities by:

1. Punishing cybercriminals.

2. Protecting user privacy and data.

3. Regulating online transactions and communication.

4. Preventing misuse of electronic devices and networks.

 

21. (2073 Set D) Q.No. 14: Define the terms e-learning and virtual reality. [2.5+2.5]

E-learning

E-learning is the use of digital technologies and the internet to deliver educational lessons. It uses tools like videos, animations, online classes, digital books, and virtual platforms. E-learning makes education flexible, cost-effective, and accessible to students anywhere and anytime.

 

Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated 3D environment that makes users feel as if they are inside a real or imaginary world. By using VR headsets and sensors, users can interact with objects and environments in a realistic way. VR is used in gaming, training, simulations, education, and medical practice.

 

22. (2072 Set C) Q.No. 13: What is E-governance? List out the objectives of E-governance. [1+4]

E-governance is the use of information and communication technology (ICT) by the government to deliver services, share information, and communicate with citizens, businesses, and other government offices. It makes government services faster, transparent, and easily accessible.

 

Objectives of E-governance

1. To provide fast and efficient services:

   E-governance helps people get services such as bill payment, license renewal, and form submission quickly and easily.

2. To increase transparency:

   Online services reduce corruption because all processes are recorded and open for public viewing.

3. To reduce cost and paperwork:

   Digital forms and online communication reduce physical documents, saving both time and money.

4. To improve citizen participation:

   Citizens can give feedback, submit complaints, and participate in decision-making processes online.

5. To improve government efficiency:

   Automation of tasks increases accuracy and reduces workload for government employees.

 

23. (2071 Supp) Q.No. 11: What is E-governance? List the importance of E-governance. [1+4]

E-governance is the digital delivery of government services through the use of ICT tools such as computers, the internet, and mobile applications.

 

Importance of E-governance

1. Improved Public Services:

   Citizens can access services like birth registration, tax payment, and certificates without visiting offices.

2. Time and Cost Saving:

   Online procedures reduce travel, long queues, and paperwork.

3. Transparency and Accountability:

   Digital systems keep clear records, helping reduce corruption.

4. Better Communication:

   People can communicate with government agencies easily through websites and portals.

5. Promotes Digital Society:

   Encourages citizens to use ICT tools and supports digital literacy.

 

24. (2071 Set D) Q.No. 14: Describe the objectives of E-governance. [5]

 

 Objectives of E-governance:

1. Citizen-Centric Services:

   To make government services available to citizens at any time and from anywhere through online systems.

2. Efficiency in Government Work:

   To automate routine tasks, reduce workload, and improve the speed of administrative processes.

3. Transparency:

   To make government procedures open and visible so that citizens can trust the system and corruption can be minimized.

4. Cost Reduction:

   To reduce expenses related to paperwork, manpower, and physical management by using digital platforms.

5. Digital Inclusion:

   To bring all citizens, including those in rural areas, into the digital system and ensure equal access to government services.

 

 25. (2070 Set D) Q.No. 14: What are the objectives of E-governance? Explain. [5]

 Objectives of E-governance:

1. Service Delivery Improvement:

   E-governance aims to deliver public services such as taxation, land records, and licenses more efficiently and accurately through digital means.

2. Transparency in Governance:

   By providing information online, it reduces corruption and promotes honesty and openness in government activities.

3. Citizen Empowerment:

   Citizens can access information, submit forms, and communicate with government officials easily, giving them more power and involvement.

4. Cost and Time Savings:

   Digital processes reduce the need for paperwork, physical travel, and long queues, which saves both money and time.

5. Improved Communication:

   E-governance connects different government departments and enables quick sharing of information, making administration smoother and more effective.

 

26. (2069) Q.No. 11:What are the key challenges of implementing E-governance in developing countries? [5]

 Key Challenges:

1. Lack of Infrastructure:

   Many developing countries lack reliable electricity, internet connectivity, and computer systems required to run e-governance.

2. Low Digital Literacy:

   A large part of the population does not know how to use computers or the internet, making it difficult to access digital services.

3. Financial Constraints:

   Implementing e-governance requires high initial investment for hardware, software, training, and maintenance.

4. Resistance to Change:

   Government employees and citizens may resist new digital systems due to fear of change or lack of technical skills.

5. Cybersecurity Issues:

   Weak security systems may lead to hacking, data theft, and misuse of citizen information.

 

 27. (2068 / 2061) Q.No. 12: What do you understand by AI? How does it affect modern society? [2+5]

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a technology that enables machines to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. It includes learning, reasoning, decision-making, language understanding, and problem-solving.

 

AI affects modern society by

1. Improves Healthcare:

   AI detects diseases early, analyzes medical images, and supports robotic surgeries, improving patient care.

2. Automates Daily Life:

   Smart home devices, voice assistants, and chatbots make daily tasks easier and faster.

3. Transforms Education:

   AI provides personalized learning, automated grading, and virtual tutoring systems.

4. Economic Growth:

   AI increases productivity in industries, reduces labor costs, and creates new job opportunities.

5. Enhances Transportation:

   Self-driving cars, traffic management systems, and navigation apps improve road safety and travel efficiency.

6. Security and Surveillance:

   AI supports CCTV monitoring, facial recognition, and fraud detection, improving public safety.

 

 28. (2066 Supp) Q.No. 7: What is E-commerce? Explain its role to enhance the digital economy. [2+5]

E-commerce refers to buying and selling goods and services over the internet. It includes online shopping, online banking, digital payments, and mobile commerce.

 

 Role of E-commerce in Enhancing the Digital Economy

1. Promotes Online Businesses:

   E-commerce allows businesses to reach national and international customers easily, increasing sales and market size.

2. Generates Employment:

   It creates jobs in delivery services, digital marketing, website design, logistics, and customer service.

3. Encourages Digital Payments:

   Platforms like eSewa, Khalti, PayPal, and digital banking support cashless transactions, making the economy more efficient.

4. Supports Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs):

   Even small businesses can sell products online with low investment, increasing competition and innovation.

5. Improves Customer Experience:

   Customers get more choices, better prices, home delivery, and easy comparison of products, promoting online spending.

6. Boosts Technological Development:

   The growth of e-commerce encourages improvements in internet services, cybersecurity, cloud computing, and logistics systems.