Chapter 7-Concept of Programming(Part 1)
Programming: It is the process of providing detailed instructions to a computer step by step to do specific tasks.
Programmer: A programmer is a person who is involved
in writing computer programs.
High-level programming language and
Low-level programming language
a. These languages use structures and commands that
resemble human language, making them easier for people to understand.
b. Programs written in high-level languages are called
program code, and they’re readable to humans but not to computers.
Low-level programming language
a. Low-level languages mainly consist of 0s and 1s, which
are directly understood by computers.
b. Programs are written in the form of machine code
To
make high-level language programs understandable to computers, they need to be
converted into low-level programming languages. This conversion is done using
language translators like interpreters and compilers.
The table below shows the difference
between compiler and interpreter.
|
Compiler |
Interpreter |
|
A compiler reads and translates program
code to machine code all at once. |
An interpreter reads and translates
program code to machine code line by line. |
|
If there’s an error in the program code,
it displays errors at the end. |
If there is an error in the program
code, it displays while running the program. |
|
Compiled program’s execution time is
comparatively faster. |
Interpreted program’s execution time is
comparatively slower. |
|
Compiled programs have separate files to
store machine code. |
An interpreted program does not have a
separate file to store machine code. |
● An algorithm is a set of step-by-step
instructions designed to solve a specific problem or perform a particular task.
● It begins with “start” and ends with
“stop.”
● The instructions are written in simple,
general language (like spoken languages).
Flowchart
● A flowchart is defined as the pictorial
and graphical representation of an algorithm.
● It utilizes shapes (oval, rectangle,
parallelogram, etc.) to depict various elements.
● The shapes have distinct meanings in a
flowchart.
● The flowcharts correspond to algorithms,
visually representing their steps and structure.
The table
below shows shapes used in flowchart and their meaning:
|
Name |
Shapes |
Meaning |
Uses |
|
Oval |
|
Start/End |
Marks the start and end points of a flowchart. |
|
Rectangle |
|
Processing |
Represents processing or calculation steps in the flow. |
|
Arrow |
Direction of flow |
Shows the direction of flow or sequence in the flowchart. |
|
|
Diamond |
|
D e c i s i o n / C o n d i t i o n Check |
Checks conditions and represents decision-making points. |
|
Parallelogram |
|
Input/Output |
Handles input/output, taking user input and displaying output. |
|
Circle |
|
Connector |
Act as a connector joining components of the flow chart. |
a.
MLL – Machine Level Language
b.
4GL – Fourth Generation Language
c.
5GL – Fifth Generation Language
d.
SQL – Structured Query Language
e.
SDLC – System Development Life Cycle
Multiple Choice
Questions:
a.
The set of rules that should be followed by the programmers while writing
programs is called
i.
semantic
ii.
format
iii. syntax
iv.
protocol
b.
Which of the following programming language uses 0's and 1's to write
instructions?
i.
Assembly
ii.
Machine
iii.
High level iv.
iv.
4 GL
c.Which
of the following programming language uses mnemonic codes to C. write programs?
i.
Assembly
ii.
Machine
iii.High
level
iv.4
GL
d.
Machine level language is considered as ....... generation programming
language.
i.first
ii.
second
iii.
third
iv.
fourth
e.
Which of the following language processor translates high level language into
machine level language, all at once?
i.Intrepreter
ii.
Compiler
iii
Asssembler
iv.
All of above
f.
Which of the following programming language is machine independent
i.Assembly
ii.Machine
iii. High level
iv.
Low level
g.The
pictorial representation of the set of instructions is called.
iΓ.Algorithm
ii.
Flowchart
iii.
Pseudocode
iv.
Chartflow
h.
The software testing in which the tester does not have the knowledge and access
to the source code is called testing.
i. Black box
ii.
Gray box
iii.
White box
iv.
Red box
Write the technical terms for each description:
a.
The set of instructions that is given to the computer to perform the desired
task – Program
b.
The language that uses 0's and 1's to write programs – Machine Level Language
c.
The person who writes programs in order to develop software – Programmer
d.
Software that translates programs written in high-level language into
machine-level language, line by line – Interpreter
e.
Program that is converted into machine-level language – Object Program
f.
A stepwise finite list of instructions used in solving problems or performing
tasks – Algorithm
g.
Pictorial representation that shows the logical flow of the program – Flowchart
h.
Error or mistake that is present in the program – Bug
i.
A method of software testing that tests internal structures or workings of an
application – White Box Testing
j.
The process of writing the programs – Coding
Short Answer
Questions:
a.
What is programming language? List the different types of programming language.
A
programming language is a set of instructions and rules used to write programs
that tell a computer what to do.
Types
of programming languages:
1.
Machine Level Language
2.
Assembly Level Language
3.
High-Level Language
4.
Fourth Generation Language (4GL)
5.
Fifth Generation Language (5GL)
b.
What is syntax?
Syntax
refers to the set of rules that define the correct structure or format of
statements in a programming language. It determines how commands and symbols
must be arranged for the program to work correctly.
c.
Differentiate between compiler and interpreter.
Pg
216
d.
Define algorithm and flowchart.
Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure or set of
rules used to solve a problem or perform a task.
Flowchart: A pictorial or graphical
representation of an algorithm that shows the logical flow of a program using
symbols.
e.
What is testing? List its types.
Testing
is the process of checking and verifying that a program or software works
correctly and is free of errors.
Types
of testing:
1.
Black Box Testing
2.
White Box Testing
3.
Gray Box Testing
f.
What is source code and object code?
Source Code: The original program written by a
programmer in a high-level language.
Object Code: The translated version of the
source code into machine language, produced by a compiler or assembler.
Long
Answer Questions:
a.
Explain Machine Level Language and High-Level Language with their merits and
demerits.
1.
Machine Level Language (MLL):
Definition: Machine Level Language is the
lowest-level programming language that consists of binary code (0’s and 1’s)
directly understood by a computer’s CPU.
Merits:
1. Programs run very fast as they are
directly executed by the CPU.
2. No need for a translator.
Demerits:
1. Difficult to learn and write.
2. Not portable; works only for a specific
type of computer.
3. Hard to debug and maintain.
2.
High-Level Language (HLL):
Definition: High-Level Language is a programming
language that uses human-readable instructions, such as C, Java, or Python,
which are later translated into machine code using a compiler or interpreter.
Merits:
1. Easier to learn, write, and understand.
2. Portable across different computer
systems.
3. Reduces programming time and effort.
Demerits:
1. Slower execution compared to machine
language.
2. Requires a compiler or interpreter to
convert code into machine language.
b.
List the different symbols used in the flowchart along with their functions.
The table below shows shapes used in flowchart and their meaning:
Name | Shapes | Meaning | Uses |
Oval | Start/End | Marks the start and end points of a flowchart. | |
Rectangle | Processing | Represents processing or calculation steps in the flow. | |
Arrow | Direction of flow | Shows the direction of flow or sequence in the flowchart. | |
Diamond | D e c i s i o n / C o n d i t i o n Check | Checks conditions and represents decision-making points. | |
Parallelogram | Input/Output | Handles input/output, taking user input and displaying output. | |
Circle | Connector | Act as a connector joining components of the flow chart. |
a. To calculate the volume of a room
1.
Start
2.
Input length (L), width (W), and height (H) of the room
3.
Calculate volume: `Volume = L × W × H`
4.
Display `Volume`
5.
Stop
b. To convert distance from meters to
centimeters
1.
Start
2.
Input distance in meters (`M`)
3.
Calculate `Centimeters = M × 100`
4.
Display `Centimeters`
5.
Stop
c. To calculate the area and perimeter of a
room
1.
Start
2.
Input length (L) and width (W)
3.
Calculate area: `Area = L × W`
4.
Calculate perimeter: `Perimeter = 2 × (L + W)`
5.
Display `Area` and `Perimeter`
6.
Stop
d. To display the smallest number among three
numbers
1.
Start
2.
Input three numbers: `A`, `B`, `C`
3.
If `A < B` and `A < C`, then `Smallest = A`
4.
Else if `B < C`, then `Smallest = B`
5.
Else `Smallest = C`
6.
Display `Smallest`
7.
Stop
e. To display the greatest number among two
numbers
1.
Start
2.
Input two numbers: `X`, `Y`
3.
If `X > Y`, then `Greatest = X`
4.
Else `Greatest = Y`
5.
Display `Greatest`
6.
Stop
f. To display whether a number is divisible by
13
1.
Start
2.
Input number `N`
3.
If `N mod 13 = 0`, display "Divisible by 13"
4.
Else display "Not divisible by 13"
5.
Stop
g. To display all numbers from 2 to 50
1.
Start
2.
For `i = 2` to `50`
Display `i`
3.
End loop
4.
Stop
h. To display the sum of all numbers from 1 to
50
1.
Start
2.
Initialize `Sum = 0`
3.
For `i = 1` to `50`
`Sum
= Sum + i`
4.
End loop
5.
Display `Sum`
6.
Stop
i. To display the sum of any ten numbers given
by the user
1.
Start
2.
Initialize `Sum = 0`
3.
For `i = 1` to `10`
Input
`Num`
`Sum
= Sum + Num`
4.
End loop
5.
Display `Sum`
6.
Stop
j. To count even and odd numbers separately
among ten numbers
1.
Start
2.
Initialize `EvenCount = 0`, `OddCount = 0`
3.
For `i = 1` to `10`
Input
`Num`
If
`Num mod 2 = 0`, `EvenCount = EvenCount + 1`
Else
`OddCount = OddCount + 1`
4.
End loop
5.
Display `EvenCount` and `OddCount`
6.
Stop
Write the full
forms of the following:
a.
MLL – Machine Level Language
b.
4GL – Fourth Generation Language
c.
5GL – Fifth Generation Language
d.
SQL – Structured Query Language
e.
SDLC – System Development Life Cycle
Multiple Choice
Questions:
a.
The set of rules that should be followed by the programmers while writing
programs is called
i.
semantic
ii.
format
iii. syntax
iv.
protocol
b.
Which of the following programming language uses 0's and 1's to write
instructions?
i.
Assembly
ii.
Machine
iii.
High level iv.
iv.
4 GL
c.Which
of the following programming language uses mnemonic codes to C. write programs?
i.
Assembly
ii.
Machine
iii.High
level
iv.4
GL
d.
Machine level language is considered as ....... generation programming
language.
i.first
ii.
second
iii.
third
iv.
fourth
e.
Which of the following language processor translates high level language into
machine level language, all at once?
i.Intrepreter
ii.
Compiler
iii
Asssembler
iv.
All of above
f.
Which of the following programming language is machine independent
i.Assembly
ii.Machine
iii. High level
iv.
Low level
g.The
pictorial representation of the set of instructions is called.
iΓ.Algorithm
ii.
Flowchart
iii.
Pseudocode
iv.
Chartflow
h.
The software testing in which the tester does not have the knowledge and access
to the source code is called testing.
i. Black box
ii.
Gray box
iii.
White box
iv.
Red box
Write the technical terms for each description:
a.
The set of instructions that is given to the computer to perform the desired
task – Program
b.
The language that uses 0's and 1's to write programs – Machine Level Language
c.
The person who writes programs in order to develop software – Programmer
d.
Software that translates programs written in high-level language into
machine-level language, line by line – Interpreter
e.
Program that is converted into machine-level language – Object Program
f.
A stepwise finite list of instructions used in solving problems or performing
tasks – Algorithm
g.
Pictorial representation that shows the logical flow of the program – Flowchart
h.
Error or mistake that is present in the program – Bug
i.
A method of software testing that tests internal structures or workings of an
application – White Box Testing
j.
The process of writing the programs – Coding
Short Answer
Questions:
a.
What is programming language? List the different types of programming language.
A
programming language is a set of instructions and rules used to write programs
that tell a computer what to do.
Types
of programming languages:
1.
Machine Level Language
2.
Assembly Level Language
3.
High-Level Language
4.
Fourth Generation Language (4GL)
5.
Fifth Generation Language (5GL)
b.
What is syntax?
Syntax
refers to the set of rules that define the correct structure or format of
statements in a programming language. It determines how commands and symbols
must be arranged for the program to work correctly.
c.
Differentiate between compiler and interpreter.
The table below shows the difference between compiler and interpreter.
Compiler | Interpreter |
A compiler reads and translates program code to machine code all at once. | An interpreter reads and translates program code to machine code line by line. |
If there’s an error in the program code, it displays errors at the end. | If there is an error in the program code, it displays while running the program. |
Compiled program’s execution time is comparatively faster. | Interpreted program’s execution time is comparatively slower. |
Compiled programs have separate files to store machine code. | An interpreted program does not have a separate file to store machine code. |
d.
Define algorithm and flowchart.
Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure or set of
rules used to solve a problem or perform a task.
Flowchart: A pictorial or graphical
representation of an algorithm that shows the logical flow of a program using
symbols.
e.
What is testing? List its types.
Testing
is the process of checking and verifying that a program or software works
correctly and is free of errors.
Types
of testing:
1.
Black Box Testing
2.
White Box Testing
3.
Gray Box Testing
f.
What is source code and object code?
Source Code: The original program written by a
programmer in a high-level language.
Object Code: The translated version of the
source code into machine language, produced by a compiler or assembler.
Long
Answer Questions:
a.
Explain Machine Level Language and High-Level Language with their merits and
demerits.
1.
Machine Level Language (MLL):
Definition: Machine Level Language is the
lowest-level programming language that consists of binary code (0’s and 1’s)
directly understood by a computer’s CPU.
Merits:
1. Programs run very fast as they are
directly executed by the CPU.
2. No need for a translator.
Demerits:
1. Difficult to learn and write.
2. Not portable; works only for a specific
type of computer.
3. Hard to debug and maintain.
2.
High-Level Language (HLL):
Definition: High-Level Language is a programming
language that uses human-readable instructions, such as C, Java, or Python,
which are later translated into machine code using a compiler or interpreter.
Merits:
1. Easier to learn, write, and understand.
2. Portable across different computer
systems.
3. Reduces programming time and effort.
Demerits:
1. Slower execution compared to machine
language.
2. Requires a compiler or interpreter to
convert code into machine language.
b.
List the different symbols used in the flowchart along with their functions.
Problem: To display
the greater number between two numbers
Algorithm:
Flowchart:
Step
1: Start
Step
2: Read the first number (num1)
Step
3: Read the second number (num2)
Step
4: Is num1 > num2?
Yes: Display num1 is
greater.
No: Display num2 is
greater.
Step 5: Stop
a. To calculate the volume of a room
1.
Start
2.
Input length (L), width (W), and height (H) of the room
3.
Calculate volume: `Volume = L × W × H`
4.
Display `Volume`
5.
Stop
b. To convert distance from meters to
centimeters
1.
Start
2.
Input distance in meters (`M`)
3.
Calculate `Centimeters = M × 100`
4.
Display `Centimeters`
5.
Stop
c. To calculate the area and perimeter of a
room
1.
Start
2.
Input length (L) and width (W)
3.
Calculate area: `Area = L × W`
4.
Calculate perimeter: `Perimeter = 2 × (L + W)`
5.
Display `Area` and `Perimeter`
6.
Stop
d. To display the smallest number among three
numbers
1.
Start
2.
Input three numbers: `A`, `B`, `C`
3.
If `A < B` and `A < C`, then `Smallest = A`
4.
Else if `B < C`, then `Smallest = B`
5.
Else `Smallest = C`
6.
Display `Smallest`
7.
Stop
e. To display the greatest number among two
numbers
1.
Start
2.
Input two numbers: `X`, `Y`
3.
If `X > Y`, then `Greatest = X`
4.
Else `Greatest = Y`
5.
Display `Greatest`
6.
Stop
f. To display whether a number is divisible by
13
1.
Start
2.
Input number `N`
3.
If `N mod 13 = 0`, display "Divisible by 13"
4.
Else display "Not divisible by 13"
5.
Stop
g. To display all numbers from 2 to 50
1.
Start
2.
For `i = 2` to `50`
Display `i`
3.
End loop
4.
Stop
h. To display the sum of all numbers from 1 to
50
1.
Start
2.
Initialize `Sum = 0`
3.
For `i = 1` to `50`
`Sum
= Sum + i`
4.
End loop
5.
Display `Sum`
6.
Stop
i. To display the sum of any ten numbers given
by the user
1.
Start
2.
Initialize `Sum = 0`
3.
For `i = 1` to `10`
Input
`Num`
`Sum
= Sum + Num`
4.
End loop
5.
Display `Sum`
6.
Stop
j. To count even and odd numbers separately
among ten numbers
1.
Start
2.
Initialize `EvenCount = 0`, `OddCount = 0`
3.
For `i = 1` to `10`
Input
`Num`
If
`Num mod 2 = 0`, `EvenCount = EvenCount + 1`
Else
`OddCount = OddCount + 1`
4.
End loop
5.
Display `EvenCount` and `OddCount`
6.
Stop