Chapter 1: Networking and Telecommunication

Exercise

 1. Write the full forms of:

 i. ARPANET – Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
ii. STP – Shielded Twisted Pair
iii. UTP – Unshielded Twisted Pair
iv. SMA – SubMiniature version A (connector)
v. SC – Subscriber Connector or Standard Connector
vi. NIC – Network Interface Card
vii. MODEM – Modulator Demodulator
viii. LAN – Local Area Network
ix. MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
x. WAN – Wide Area Network
xi. TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
xii. HTTP – HyperText Transfer Protocol
xiii. SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
xiv. WWW – World Wide Web
xv. POP – Post Office Protocol
xvi. FTP – File Transfer Protocol
xvii. URL – Uniform Resource Locator
xviii. ISP – Internet Service Provider
xix. ATM – Asynchronous Transfer Mode (or Automated Teller Machine, depending on context)
xx. E-mail – Electronic Mail
xxi. E-fax – Electronic Fax
xxii. E-commerce – Electronic Commerce

 

2. Give appropriate technical terms of the followings:

 a. The system of transmission of sounds, images, texts or data in the form of electronic signals.

Telecommunication

 b. The interconnection of computers with or without wires to share information.

Computer Network

 c. The computer is used to serve data and information.

Server

 d. A self-sufficient computer that acts both as a server and a client to other similar computers on the network.

Peer-to-Peer Computer

 e. A computer on a network that uses resources of the network.

Client

 f. A group of computers that function both as client and server.

Peer-to-Peer Network

g. A network in which a central host computer performs data processing and storage on behalf of clients.

Client-Server Network

 h. The wireless technology is used for long distances.

WiMAX or Satellite Communication

 i. A set of rules is used to define communication.

Protocol

 j. The smallest area is covered by the network.

LAN/Personal Area Network (PAN)

k. The network of computers within the room, or building.

Local Area Network (LAN)

l. A network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a LAN but smaller than the area covered by a WAN.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

m. The computer network of any two countries.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

n. A hardware device is used to connect several computers.

Hub

o. A device connecting two or more networks that facilitates the transfer of dat in the form of packets.

Router

p. A device software or a system that converts data between dissimilar network with different protocols.

Gateway

q. The mode of transmission in which data flows in one direction only.

Simplex Transmission

г. The two-way communication system.

Duplex Transmission

s. The shape of the network in which all the computers are connected.

Topology

t. A network topology in which network nodes are connected in a continuous circle.

Ring Topology

 

3. Very Short Answer Question:

 a. Name any one application of a computer network.

One application of a computer network is Email (or Internet browsing, file sharing, etc.)

 

b. Does the computer network share software only?

No, it shares both hardware and software

 

c. Name the largest computer network.

Internet is the largest computer network.

 

d. Which computer network is limited within the room?

LAN is a computer network is limited within the room

 

e . Name the topology where the hub or switch is used.

. Star Topology uses hub or switch

 

f. What is the name of the backbone in bus topology?

Bus (or Backbone Cable) is the name of the backbone in bus topology

 

g. In which topology does a node have two adjacent nodes?

In Ring Topology a node have two adjacent nodes

 

h. List the types of network architecture.

The types of network architecture.Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer

 

i. Name the networking device used to connect networks having d architectures and environments.

The networking device used to connect networks having d architectures and environments is Gateway.

 

4. Short Answer aquestion

 

a. What is a computer network? How is it useful?

A computer network is a group of interconnected computers that share data and resources.

Usefulness:     

It allows file sharing, resource sharing (like printers)

It allows internet access, and communication between users.

 

b. Mention differences between client/server architecture and peer-to-peer architecture of the network.

 

Client/Server Architecture	Peer-to-Peer Architecture
Central server provides resources	All computers share resources equally
More secure and centralized	Less secure and decentralized
Suitable for large networks	Suitable for small networks

 

c. Define bandwidth. How is it measured?

Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a given time.
It is measured in bits per second (bps) like Kbps, Mbps, or Gbps.

 

d. Differentiate between LAN and WAN.

LAN	WAN
Covers small area (room/building)	Covers large area (country/world)
High speed and low cost	Lower speed and higher cost

 

e. Justify "Internet is called a network of networks" in your language.

Internet is called a 'network of networks' because it is formed by connecting many small and large networks around the world together.

 

f. What is communication media? Differentiate between bounded and unbounded media.

Communication media is the path through which data travels in a network.

 

Bounded Media	Unbounded Media
Uses physical cables	Uses wireless transmission
Examples: Twisted pair, fiber	Examples: Radio waves, microwaves

 

g. Give reasons that "Computer networks reduce the cost of operation."

·         Shared hardware (e.g., printers) reduces cost.

·         Centralized data saves storage.

·         Remote work and communication save travel costs.

 

h. Define LAN with its characteristics.

LAN (Local Area Network) connects computers in a small area like a room or building.

Characteristics:

·         High speed

·         Low cost

·         Easy to set up and maintain

 

i. What is MAN? Mention any three characteristics.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) connects computers in a city or town.

Characteristics:

·         Covers larger area than LAN

·         Higher speed than WAN

·         Used by colleges, offices, or city-wide ISPs

 

j. What is network topology? List its types.

Network topology is the physical or logical layout of a network.

Types: Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, Tree, Hybrid topology

 

k. Sketch the figure of star topology. Write the advantages and disadvantages of star topology.

 

Advantages:

·         Easy to add/remove devices

·         Fault in one device doesn't affect others

·         Disadvantages:

·         Hub failure stops the whole network

·         Uses more cables

 

l. Define ring topology. Write the advantages and disadvantages of token ring topology.

Ring topology connects each computer to two others, forming a circular network.

 

Advantages:

·         Equal access to network

·         Simple data flow

·         Disadvantages:

·         One failure affects the whole network

·         Difficult to troubleshoot

 

m. Define network architecture. Sketch and describe the peer-to-peer network architecture.

Network architecture is the design of a computer network, including hardware, software, and protocols.

 Description:

In a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network, each computer (peer) acts as both a client and a server, sharing resources directly without a central server. It is suitable for small, less complex networks.

 

Feature	Guided Media	Unguided Media
Definition	Data travels through physical wires or cables	Data travels through air (wireless)
Examples	Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic	Radio waves, microwaves, infrared
Medium	Has a physical path	No physical path
Speed	Usually faster	Usually slower
Cost	Can be cheaper for short distances	Can be cost-effective for wide areas
Security	More secure	Less secure (signals can be intercepted)
Installation	Needs physical setup	Easier to set up (no wires)

Feature	Twisted Pair Cable	Coaxial Cable	Optical Fiber Cable
Structure	Two wires twisted together	Single copper wire with insulation and shielding	Glass or plastic fibers that carry light
Speed	Low to moderate	Moderate	Very high
Distance	Short distances	Medium distances	Long distances
Cost	Cheapest	Moderate cost	Most expensive
Use	Telephone lines, LAN	TV cables, internet	High-speed internet, long-distance communication

Feature	Radio Wave	Microwave	Infrared	Satellite Communication
Distance	Long (many kilometers)	Medium to long (line of sight)	Very short (a few meters)	Very long (global)
Use	AM/FM radio, walkie-talkies	Mobile phones, Wi-Fi, radar	TV remotes, short-range sensors	GPS, TV broadcast, global internet
Speed	Moderate	High	High	High (but with delay due to distance)
Frequency Range	Lowest	Higher than radio	Higher than microwave	Uses microwaves or radio waves

Model Questions

1.What is the internet?

The internet is a global network of interconnected computers that enables communication and information sharing.

2 What is a browser?

A browser is a software application that allows users to access and navigate the World Wide Web to view websites.

3. What is a search engine?

A search engine is an online tool that helps users find specific information on the internet by indexing and retrieving relevant web pages.

4 What is the business done through the internet?

Business conducted through the internet includes e-commerce, online advertising, and various digital services.

5 Write the name of any two search engines.

Two search engines are Google and Bing.

6 What is social media?

Social media refers to online platforms that facilitate user-generated content and social interaction, allowing people to connect and share information.

7. Define bandwidth

Bandwidth is the maximum data transfer rate of a network, representing the capacity for transmitting data over a communication channel.

8.What is an email?

Email is an electronic communication method that allows users to send and receive messages and files over the internet.

9. What is a computer network?

A computer network is a set of interconnected computers that share resources and information.

10. Define bounded media

Bounded media refers to communication channels with physical boundaries, such as cables.

11. What is simplex mode?

Simplex mode is a communication mode in which data can only flow in one direction at a time.

12. What is downloading?

Downloading is the process of transferring data from a remote server to a local device.

13. What is uploading?

Uploading is the process of transferring data from a local device to a remote server.

14. What is a Network Interface Card?

A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a hardware component that enables a computer to connect to a network.

15. What is a computer network? List the main goals of a computer network.

A computer network is a set of interconnected computers with goals including resource sharing, communication, and collaboration.

16. What is a client computer? How does it differ from a network server? 

A client computer is a device that requests services or resources from a server computer, which provides those services.

17. What is a network protocol? Give any three examples.

A network protocol is a set of rules governing communication between devices on a network; examples include TCP/IP, HTTP, and FTP.

18. What is a peer-to-peer network? Explain with the help of a diagram. 

A peer-to-peer network is a decentralized network where all computers have equal status and can share resources directly.

19. Differentiate between LAN and WAN. Give one example of each.

LAN (Local Area Network) is a network confined to a small geographic area, while WAN (Wide Area Network) covers a larger geographical area; examples include a home network (LAN) and the internet (WAN).

20. Define physical LAN topology? Draw a neat diagram of physical star topology.

Physical LAN topology refers to the physical arrangement of devices in a network, with a physical star topology featuring a central hub connecting to multiple devices.

21. Differentiate between bounded media and unbounded media.

Bounded media use physical channels for communication (e.g., cables), while unbounded media rely on wireless transmission (e.g., radio waves).

22. What is radio wave transmission? List its advantages.

Radio wave transmission is a wireless communication method using electromagnetic waves, with advantages including mobility and no physical connections.

23. What is the Internet? What are the major services provided by the Internet?

The Internet is a global network providing services like email, web browsing, and online collaboration.

24. What are the advantages of the Internet?

Advantages of the internet include access to vast information, communication, online services, and e-commerce opportunities.

25. Explain any five services of the Internet.

Five internet services are email, web browsing, online shopping, social media, and online streaming.

26. What is electronic mail? What are the advantages of an electronic mail?

Electronic mail is a digital messaging system, and its advantages include speed, cost-effectiveness, and asynchronous communication.

27. What is communication media? Differentiate between bounded and unbounded media.

Communication media encompasses the channels used for information transfer; bounded media have physical boundaries, while unbounded media do not.

28. Give reasons that "Computer networks reduce the cost of operation."

Computer networks reduce operation costs by facilitating resource sharing, efficient communication, and centralized management.