Artificial Intelligence (AI)

· AI is the technology of giving human-like intelligence to machines.

· It helps computers understand language, speech, and images.

· AI is used in games, speech recognition, expert systems, robotics, and computer vision.

Components of AI

1. Philosophy: It introduces the concept of logic and methods of reasoning and studying the mind as a physical system. It creates the foundation for learning language, and rationality. It also expresses knowledge-based action to be embedded into the machine to act with AI

2. Mathematics: It introduces the concepts of the formal representation of facts and proof, algorithms, computation, and reasoning with uncertain information.

3. Economics: It introduces the concepts of the formal theory of rational decision.

4. Neuroscience: It introduces the concepts of mental activity which can be introduced into the machine.

5. Psychology: It introduces the concepts of the brain as an information processing device and phenomenon of perception and sensory-motor control.

6. Linguistics: It introduces the concepts of knowledge representation and grammar and how does language relates to thought.

7. Control Theory and cybernetics: It introduces the concepts of designing the system that maximizes an objective function over time. This is roughly similar to the concepts of Al that behave optimally. It describes how artifacts (objects) can operate under their own control. That is, it introduces the concept of a self-controlling machine.

8. Computer science and engineering: This component introduces the concept of hardware, software, and operating system. Apart from this, it also discusses the programming language and tools used in Al.

Applications of Al

1. Game playing:

General game playing (GGP) and General video game playing (GVGP) is the concept and designs for artificial intelligence programs to successfully play plenty of games. For video games, game rules have to be either learned over multiple repetitions by artificial players or are predefined manually in a domain-specific language and sent in advance to artificial players. For instance, the GGP of chess, computers are programmed to play these games using a specially designed algorithm. It was considered a necessary landmark on the way to Artificial General Intelligence. The first commercial practice of general game-playing technology was Zillions of Games in 1998.

2. Speech recognition:

In speech recognition, the input is given to the computer in the form of vibrations produced by the sound. This is done with the help of an analog to digital converter that converts the vibrations produced by the sound into digital format.

Then, a set of complex algorithms runs on that data to recognize the speech and return a text as a result. Depending upon the goal, the end result may vary to some extent. For example, Google Voice typing converts spoken words into suitable text format while personal assistants like Siri and Google Assistant take the sound as input and convert it into both voice and text format, giving output as per the user's requirement.

3. Understanding natural language:

Natural language understanding is a branch of artificial intelligence that uses computer software to take the input in the form of sentences using text or speech. It simply reduces the gap between humans and computers allowing them to interact easily with each other.

4. Computer vision:

Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence (AI), which enables the computer and its systems to get input in the form of digital images and videos and take action based on the provided input.

5. Expert systems:

An expert system is a computer system that mimics or even surpasses the decision-making ability of a human expert. It is generally designed to solve complex problems by surfing through bodies of knowledge. It is further divided into two subsystems; the knowledge base (which represents facts and rules) and inference engine (which applies the rules to the known facts to deduce new facts).

6. Robotics:

Artificial intelligence (AI) in robotics is the ability of the computer or the robot to perform multiple tasks performed by humans, which require human intelligence and discernment. It gives robots a computer vision to navigate, sense, and calculate their reaction accordingly For example: Robotic packaging uses various forms of Al for quicker and accurate packaging at a lower price. Likewise, Sophia which is also marked as a "social robot" is successfully able to mimic social behavior and induce feelings of love in humans.

7. Theorem proving:

Proving theorems requires high intelligence as many of the practical problems can be cast in terms of theorems. If knowledge is expressed by logic, proving theorem is reasoning. It uses various AI techniques such as heuristic search.

8. Symbolic mathematics:

Symbolic mathematics refers to the manipulation of formulas, rather than doing arithmetic on numeric values. It is often used in conjunction with ordinary scientific computation as a generator of programs, used to actually do the calculations.

Robotics

· Robotics is the science of designing and using robots.

· Robots are machines that can do human tasks with the help of AI.

· They are used in industries, health, research, military, and home services.

Cloud Computing

· Cloud computing means using internet-based services like storage, servers, and software.

· It has three types: public, private, and hybrid cloud.

· Its service models are IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS.

Advantages of Cloud Computing

1. Cost-efficient: It is probably the most efficient method to use, maintain and upgrade.

2. Almost unlimited storage: Storing information in the cloud gives us almost unlimited storage capacity.

3. Backup and recovery: Since, all the data is stored in the cloud, backing it up and restoring the same is relatively much easier than storing the same on a physical device.

4. Automatic software integration: In the cloud, software integration is usually something that occurs automatically. It also allows us to customize the options with great ease.

5. Easy access to information: Once the user is registered in the cloud, the user can access the information from anywhere, where there is an Internet connection.

6. Quick deployment: Once the method of functioning is selected, the entire system can be fully functional in a matter of few minutes.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

1. Technical issues: This technology is always prone to outages and other technical issues. Even the best cloud service providers run into this kind of trouble. Despite keeping up high standards of maintenance.

2. Security in the cloud: Storing all the sensitive information to a third-party cloud service provider could potentially put the company at great risk.

3. Prone to Attack: Storing information in the cloud could make the company vulnerable to external threats and attacks.

Big Data

· Big data means very large and complex data.

· It can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured.

· It has six main features: volume, velocity, variety, veracity, value, and variability.

· Big data is used in health, banking, education, IT, transport, and retail.

· It helps in better decisions, customer service, and efficiency.

· But it is costly, time-consuming, and sometimes misleading.

Types of Big Data

1. Structured: It means that data can be processed, stored, and retrieved in a fixed format. It refers to highly organized information that can be readily and seamlessly stored and accessed from a database by simple search engine algorithms.

2. Unstructured: It refers to the data that lacks any specific form or structure whatsoever. This makes it very difficult and time-consuming to process and analyze unstructured data.

3. Semi-structured: It relates to the data containing both the formats mentioned above, that is structured and unstructured data. To be precise, it refers to the data that although has not been classified under a particular repository (database), yet contains vital information or tags that segregate individual elements within the data.

Characteristics of Big Data

1. Variety: It refers to the variety of data gathered from multiple sources. The variety can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured.

2. Velocity: It refers to the speed at which data is being created in real-time. It also comprises the rate of change, linking of incoming data sets at varying speeds, and activity bursts.

3. Volume: Big Data indicates huge 'volumes of data that are being generated daily from various sources like social media platforms, business processes, machines, networks, human interactions, etc.

4. Veracity: It refers to the reliability or trustworthiness of the data. Due to the large volume of data, we have uncertainty about the validity, the accurateness of data.

5. Value: It refers to the worth of business value of the collected data.

6. Variability: It refers to the inconsistency of the big data and how the big data can be used and formatted.

Application Areas of Big Data

1. Healthcare or Medical sector.

2. Academia.

3. Banking.

4. Manufacturing.

5. Information Technology (IT).

6. Retail business.

7. Transportation.

Advantages of Big Data Processing

Some of the advantages of big data processing are:

1. Businesses can utilize outside intelligence while taking decisions.

2. Improved customer service.

3. Early identification of risk to the product/services,

4. Better operational efficiency.

5. Big data analysis derives innovative solutions. It helps in understanding and targeting customers. It helps in optimizing business processes.

Disadvantages of Big Data Processing

Despite its many benefits, big data processing has the following disadvantages.

1. Traditional storage can cost a lot of money to store big data.

2. Big data analysis is not useful in the short run. It needs to be analyzed for a longer duration to leverage its benefits.

3. Big data analysis results are sometimes misleading.

Virtual Reality (VR)

· Virtual reality is a computer-created 3D environment.

· It makes users feel like they are in a real or imaginary world.

· VR is used in medical training, research, games, driving, and military practice.

· It creates realistic learning and safe experiments.

· But VR tools are costly, complex, and not fully natural.

Application areas of virtual reality

1. It can be used in medical studies to enable students to know the human body.

2. It can be used in scientific research laboratories so that scientists can easily research a structure.

3. It can be used in entertainment like games and movies to make the gaming experience more real and to allow individuals to experience adventures under extreme conditions.

4. It can be used in driving schools as it gives a real look at roads and traffic.

5. It can be used in military training for the soldiers to get familiar with different areas on the battlefield.

Advantages of Virtual Reality

Some of the advantages of virtual reality are:

1. Virtual reality creates a realistic world.

2. It enables users to explore places.

3. Through Virtual Reality, users can experiment with an artificial environment.

4. Virtual Reality makes education easier and more comfortable.

Disadvantages of Virtual Reality

Some of the disadvantages of virtual reality are:

1. The equipment's used in virtual reality are very expensive.

2. It consists of complex technology.

3. In virtual reality environment we can't move by our own like in the real world.

e-Commerce

Electronic commerce (e-Commerce) is a process of buying and selling or exchanging products, services, and information using electronic media. There are many definitions for electronic commerce that include elements of electronic transactions and the buying and selling of goods and services online.

Classification of e-Commerce

1. B2B (Business to Business) Sells products or services to other businesses. e.g. www.freemarkets.com

2. B2C (Business to Consumer) Sells products or services directly to consumers. eg.. www.amazon.com, www.yahoo.com.

3. C2B (Consumer to Business) Consumer fixes a price on their own, which businesses accept or decline, e.g., www.priceline.com

4. C2C (Consumer to Consumer) Consumer sells directly to other consumer. e.g. www.ebay.com

Advantage of e-Commerce

Some of the advantages of e-commerce are:

1. It enables more individuals to work at home, and to do less traveling for shopping, resulting in less traffic on the roads, and lower air pollution.

2. It allows some merchandise to be sold at lower prices, benefiting less affluent people.

3. It enables people in Third World countries and rural areas to enjoy products and services which otherwise are not available to them.

4. Facilitates delivery of public services at a reduced cost, increases effectiveness, and/or improves quality.

5. It enables consumers to shop or do other transactions 24 hours a day, all year round from almost any location.

6. It provides consumers with more selections or choices.

7. It provides consumers with less expensive products and services by allowing them to shop in many places and conduct quick comparisons.

8. It allows quick delivery of products and services, especially with digitized products.

9. Consumers can receive relevant and detailed information in seconds, rather than in days or weeks walk-around to search a product.

10. It makes it possible to participate in virtual auctions. It allows consumers to interact with other consumers in electronic communities and exchange ideas as well as compare price-tag.

11. It facilitates competition, as a result of substantial discounts.

12. It expands the marketplace to national and international markets. It decreases the cost of creating processing, distributing, storing, and retrieving paper based information.

Disadvantage of e-Commerce

1. Businesses often calculate return on investment numbers before committing to any new technology. Costs, which are a function of technology, can change dramatically during even short-lived e-commerce implementation projects.

2. Many companies have had trouble recruiting and retaining employees with the technological, design, and business process skills needed to create an effective e- commerce presence.

3. The difficulty of integrating existing databases and transaction-processing software designed for traditional commerce into the software that enables e-commerce.

4. Many businesses face cultural and legal impediment (barrier) to e-commerce. Some consumers are still fearful (afraid) of sending their credit card numbers over the Internet.

5. Consumers are simply resistant to change and are uncomfortable viewing merchandise on a computer screen rather than in person.

e-Governance

e-Governance is the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance the access and delivery of government services to benefit citizens, business partners, and employees.

Objectives of e-Governance

Some of the objectives of e-Governance are:

E-Governance refers to the provision of online public services to citizens and businesses.
Services for citizens include the registration to government services such as health care, education, or employment benefits.
For businesses, E-Governance services can take the form of online alerts for public procurements or funding opportunities as well as information and support on applicable legislation in a given sector.
E-Governance helps to cut down their administrative costs, speed up procedures and therefore increase efficiency and reactivity.
It could improve and accelerate administrative efficiency.

Challenges of implementing e-Governance

The key challenges of implementing E-Governance mainly in developing countries like Nepal are

High-speed infrastructure to access the Internet is required.
Creating trust and transparency of successful delivery of E-Governance service.
The digital divide exists in developing countries. All the citizens may not have ICT knowledge.
Network security and protection against viruses, spam, unwanted attacks, etc.
Online privacy.
All the citizens may not have access to computing resources.

Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity, which enables these things to connect, collect and exchange data.

Social Media

Social Media is a computer-based technology that is used for the creation and sharing of information, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks. Facebook, Twitter, YouTube are popular social media tools.

Book’s Exercise page number-294

1. Multiple Choice Questions

i. What technology is being developed to create immersive, computer-generated environments that users can interact with using specialized hardware?

a. Artificial Intelligence

b. Quantum Computing

c. Virtual Reality

d. Blockchain

ii. Which technology involves the use of small interconnected devices embedded in everyday objects to collect and exchange data?

a. Quantum Computing

b. Internet of Things (IoT)

c. Artificial Intelligence

d. Augmented Reality

iii. What is cloud computing?

a. Storing data on physical servers

b. Accessing the internet from mobile devices

c. Running applications on a local computer

d. Delivering computing services over the internet

iv. What is the main service model in cloud computing that provides virtualized hardware resources over the internet?

a. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

b. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

c. Software as a Service (SaaS)

d. Data as a Service (DaaS)

v. Which cloud service offers a development environment with tools to build, test, and deploy applications?

a. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

b. Software as a Service (SaaS)

c. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

d. Function as a Service (FaaS)

vi. Which cloud computing model offers ready-to-use software applications delivered over the internet?

a. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

b. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

c. Software as a Service (SaaS)

d. Function as a Service (FaaS)

vii. What does "big data" refer to?

a. Any large collection of data

b. Data that cannot be processed

c. Data that is too complex to understand

d. Large and complex datasets that require specialized processing for analysis

viii. What does "mobile computing" refer to?

a. Using desktop computers

b. Interacting with servers remotely

c. Computing on the go using mobile devices

d. Cloud-based data storage

ix. Which mobile operating system is developed by Apple and is used exclusively on iPhones and iPads?

a. Android

b. Windows Mobile

c. iOS

d. BlackBerry OS

Short Answer Questions

i. What are the main features of robotics?

The main features of robotics are:

1. Sensing: Robots use sensors to detect changes in their environment.

2. Movement: They can move or manipulate objects using motors and actuators.

3. Programmability: Robots can be programmed to perform specific tasks.

4. Autonomy: They can operate independently with minimal human intervention.

5. Accuracy and Precision: Robots perform repetitive tasks with high precision and consistency.

ii. What are the advantages of cloud computing?

1. Cost Efficiency: Reduces the cost of buying and maintaining physical hardware.

2. Scalability: Resources can be increased or decreased as needed.

3. Accessibility: Data and applications can be accessed from anywhere via the internet.

4. Data Backup and Recovery: Provides automatic data backup and easy recovery.

5. Collaboration: Enables multiple users to work on the same data or project simultaneously.

iii. What are the advantages of big data?

1. Better Decision Making: Helps organizations make data-driven decisions.

2. Improved Customer Service: Businesses can understand customer behavior and preferences.

3. Fraud Detection: Helps detect unusual patterns and prevent fraud.

4. Operational Efficiency: Improves process optimization and reduces costs.

5. Innovation: Encourages development of new products and services based on data insights.

iv. What are some areas where AI can help us and how?

1. Healthcare: AI helps in diagnosing diseases and recommending treatments.

2. Education: Provides personalized learning and intelligent tutoring systems.

3. Transportation: Used in self-driving cars and traffic management.

4. Finance: Helps in detecting fraud and automating trading.

5. Customer Service: Chatbots and virtual assistants improve customer support.

v. What are the advantages of virtual reality?

1. Immersive Experience: Provides a realistic and interactive environment.

2. Enhanced Learning: Used in education and training simulations.

3. Entertainment: Widely used in gaming and virtual tours.

4. Remote Work: Enables virtual meetings and collaboration.

5. Medical Training: Helps doctors practice surgeries in a risk-free environment.

vi. Define E-Governance. Write its advantages.

E-Governance is the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to deliver government services, exchange information, and improve interaction between the government and citizens.

Advantages:

1. Transparency: Reduces corruption by making processes more open.

2. Efficiency: Speeds up government services and decision-making.

3. Accessibility: Citizens can access services anytime and anywhere.

4. Cost Reduction: Lowers administrative and operational costs.

5. Citizen Participation: Encourages public engagement in governance.

vii. List the principles of mobile computing.

1. Portability: Devices can be easily carried and used anywhere.

2. Connectivity: Continuous access to network and internet services.

3. Interactivity: Enables real-time interaction between users and systems.

4. Individuality: Services are personalized for each user.

5. Security: Protects user data and ensures secure communication.

viii. What is IoT? Write any two importance of it.

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices that can collect, exchange, and process data through the internet.

Importance:

1. Automation: Enables smart homes, smart cities, and automated industries.

2. Efficiency: Improves resource management and reduces energy consumption.

ix. Give some examples of IoT devices and their applications.

1. Smart Home Devices: Smart bulbs, thermostats, and security cameras used for home automation.

2. Wearable Devices: Smartwatches and fitness bands used for health monitoring.

3. Smart Cars: Used for navigation, traffic updates, and safety alerts.

4. Smart Agriculture: Sensors used to monitor soil moisture and crop health.

5. Healthcare Devices: Remote patient monitoring systems.

Long Answer Questions

i. How is AI software different from other software?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) software differs from traditional software in several ways. Traditional software follows a fixed set of programmed rules, while AI software can learn, adapt, and make decisions based on data and experience.

Differences between AI software and traditional software:

Basis	AI Software	Traditional Software
Functionality	Mimics human intelligence, can learn and adapt.	Performs predefined tasks based on fixed rules.
Learning Ability	Uses machine learning and data to improve performance over time.	Cannot learn or change unless reprogrammed.
Decision Making	Makes autonomous decisions using algorithms and data.	Executes instructions exactly as coded.
Error Handling	Can analyze and self-correct errors	Requires manual debugging and corrections
Data Processing	Handles unstructured and large datasets (e.g., text, images).	Mainly processes structured data.
Examples	Chatbots, self-driving cars, face recognition systems.	Word processors, spreadsheets, database systems.

ii. What are the different fields where big data is used?

Big data is used in various fields to analyze large and complex datasets for insights and decision-making.

Major fields where big data is used:

1. Healthcare:

-Used for disease prediction, patient monitoring, and personalized medicine.

-Helps hospitals manage resources and improve patient care.

2. Education:

-Analyzes student performance and learning patterns.

- Supports personalized learning and curriculum design.

3. Banking and Finance:

-Detects fraudulent transactions and manages risks.

-Analyzes customer spending behavior for targeted marketing.

4. Business and Marketing:

-Helps companies understand market trends and consumer preferences.

-Improves product recommendations and customer satisfaction.

5. Government and Public Services:

-Used for urban planning, public safety, and disaster management.

-Enhances e-governance and service delivery.

6. Transportation:

-Optimizes traffic flow and route planning.

-Supports autonomous vehicle systems.

7. Agriculture:

-Analyzes soil, weather, and crop data for better yield.

8. Social Media:

-Analyzes user activity to understand trends and sentiments.

iii. What are the advantages and disadvantages of E-Commerce?

Advantages of E-Commerce:

1. Convenience: Customers can shop anytime and anywhere.

2. Wider Reach: Businesses can reach global markets.

3. Cost Reduction: Lowers the cost of operation and inventory management.

4. Product Comparison: Allows users to compare products easily.

5. Customer Data: Businesses can collect customer data for targeted marketing.

Disadvantages of E-Commerce:

1. Security Risks: Online transactions may face cyber threats and data theft.

2. Lack of Personal Interaction: No direct contact with sellers or products.

3. Delivery Issues: Possible delays or damaged goods.

4. Technical Problems: Website crashes or server downtime affect sales.

5. Dependence on Internet: Requires a stable internet connection.

iv. How can the public get benefited from E-Governance services?

E-Governance uses ICT (Information and Communication Technology) to provide public services electronically, ensuring better communication between the government and citizens.

Benefits to the Public:

1. Easy Access to Services: Citizens can access government services anytime and anywhere via the internet.

2. Transparency: Reduces corruption by allowing citizens to monitor processes and information.

3. Time and Cost Saving: Minimizes paperwork and travel time.

4. Faster Service Delivery: Speeds up procedures such as license renewals, bill payments, etc.

5. Citizen Participation: Encourages feedback and participation in decision-making.

6. Accountability: Government departments are more responsible and traceable.

7. Digital Inclusion: Promotes ICT awareness and skill development among citizens.

v. Provide some examples of E-Governance services that exist in Nepal.

The Government of Nepal has implemented several E-Governance services to improve efficiency and accessibility.

Examples of E-Governance services in Nepal:

1. Online Tax Payment (IRD Portal):

Citizens can pay income tax and VAT online through the Inland Revenue Department’s website.

2. Passport Application System:

The Department of Passport offers online application and renewal services.

3. Driving License and Vehicle Registration:

The Department of Transport Management (DoTM) provides online license application and vehicle renewal services.

4. Online Visa Services:

The Immigration Department offers online visa application and extension services.

5. eSewa / Khalti Integration:

Citizens can pay electricity, water, and internet bills online using digital payment gateways.

6. Nepal Government Portal (nepal.gov.np):

A central portal that provides links to various government departments and services.

7. SEE and NEB Result Portals:

Students can view results online through official websites.

vi. How do you think IoT devices can help in our day-to-day life?

The Internet of Things (IoT) connects everyday devices to the internet, allowing them to send, receive, and analyze data. IoT has become a major part of modern life.

Ways IoT helps in daily life:

1. Smart Homes:

Devices like smart lights, thermostats, and security cameras improve comfort, energy efficiency, and safety.

2. Healthcare:

Wearable fitness trackers and remote monitoring devices help track heart rate, sleep, and health conditions.

3. Transportation:

GPS and smart traffic systems reduce congestion and improve travel efficiency.

4. Agriculture:

Sensors monitor soil moisture and weather to optimize irrigation and crop yield.

5. Industry (Smart Manufacturing):

IoT helps automate machinery and monitor production in real time.

6. Energy Management:

Smart meters and grids optimize electricity usage and reduce waste.

7. Public Safety:

IoT-based surveillance and disaster alert systems ensure timely response.

1. Multiple Choice Questions
i. What technology is being developed to create immersive, computer-generated environments that users can interact with using specialized hardware?
a. Artificial Intelligence
b. Quantum Computing
c. Virtual Reality
d. Blockchain
ii. Which technology involves the use of small interconnected devices embedded in everyday objects to collect and exchange data?
a. Quantum Computing
b. Internet of Things (IoT)
c. Artificial Intelligence
d. Augmented Reality
iii. What is cloud computing?
a. Storing data on physical servers
b. Accessing the internet from mobile devices
c. Running applications on a local computer
d. Delivering computing services over the internet

iv. What is the main service model in cloud computing that provides virtualized hardware resources over the internet?
a. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
b. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
c. Software as a Service (SaaS)
d. Data as a Service (DaaS)
v. Which cloud service offers a development environment with tools to build, test, and deploy applications?
a. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
b. Software as a Service (SaaS)
c. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
d. Function as a Service (FaaS)
vi. Which cloud computing model offers ready-to-use software applications delivered over the internet?
a. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
b. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
c. Software as a Service (SaaS)
d. Function as a Service (FaaS)
vii. What does "big data" refer to?
a. Any large collection of data
b. Data that cannot be processed
c. Data that is too complex to understand
d. Large and complex datasets that require specialized processing for analysis
viii. What does "mobile computing" refer to?
a. Using desktop computers
b. Interacting with servers remotely
c. Computing on the go using mobile devices
d. Cloud-based data storage
ix. Which mobile operating system is developed by Apple and is used exclusively on iPhones and iPads?
a. Android
b. Windows Mobile
c. iOS
d. BlackBerry OS

Short Answer Questions

i. What are the main features of robotics?
The main features of robotics are:
1. Sensing: Robots use sensors to detect changes in their environment.
2. Movement: They can move or manipulate objects using motors and actuators.
3. Programmability: Robots can be programmed to perform specific tasks.
4. Autonomy: They can operate independently with minimal human intervention.
5. Accuracy and Precision: Robots perform repetitive tasks with high precision and consistency.

ii. What are the advantages of cloud computing?
1. Cost Efficiency: Reduces the cost of buying and maintaining physical hardware.
2. Scalability: Resources can be increased or decreased as needed.
3. Accessibility: Data and applications can be accessed from anywhere via the internet.
4. Data Backup and Recovery: Provides automatic data backup and easy recovery.
5. Collaboration: Enables multiple users to work on the same data or project simultaneously.

iii. What are the advantages of big data?
1. Better Decision Making: Helps organizations make data-driven decisions.
2. Improved Customer Service: Businesses can understand customer behavior and preferences.
3. Fraud Detection: Helps detect unusual patterns and prevent fraud.
4. Operational Efficiency: Improves process optimization and reduces costs.
5. Innovation: Encourages development of new products and services based on data insights.

iv. What are some areas where AI can help us and how?
1. Healthcare: AI helps in diagnosing diseases and recommending treatments.
2. Education: Provides personalized learning and intelligent tutoring systems.
3. Transportation: Used in self-driving cars and traffic management.
4. Finance: Helps in detecting fraud and automating trading.
5. Customer Service: Chatbots and virtual assistants improve customer support.

v. What are the advantages of virtual reality?
1. Immersive Experience: Provides a realistic and interactive environment.
2. Enhanced Learning: Used in education and training simulations.
3. Entertainment: Widely used in gaming and virtual tours.
4. Remote Work: Enables virtual meetings and collaboration.
5. Medical Training: Helps doctors practice surgeries in a risk-free environment.
vi. Define E-Governance. Write its advantages.
E-Governance is the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to deliver government services, exchange information, and improve interaction between the government and citizens.

Advantages:
1. Transparency: Reduces corruption by making processes more open.
2. Efficiency: Speeds up government services and decision-making.
3. Accessibility: Citizens can access services anytime and anywhere.
4. Cost Reduction: Lowers administrative and operational costs.
5. Citizen Participation: Encourages public engagement in governance.

vii. List the principles of mobile computing.
1. Portability: Devices can be easily carried and used anywhere.
2. Connectivity: Continuous access to network and internet services.
3. Interactivity: Enables real-time interaction between users and systems.
4. Individuality: Services are personalized for each user.
5. Security: Protects user data and ensures secure communication.

viii. What is IoT? Write any two importance of it.
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices that can collect, exchange, and process data through the internet.

Importance:
1. Automation: Enables smart homes, smart cities, and automated industries.
2. Efficiency: Improves resource management and reduces energy consumption.

ix. Give some examples of IoT devices and their applications.
1. Smart Home Devices: Smart bulbs, thermostats, and security cameras used for home automation.
2. Wearable Devices: Smartwatches and fitness bands used for health monitoring.
3. Smart Cars: Used for navigation, traffic updates, and safety alerts.
4. Smart Agriculture: Sensors used to monitor soil moisture and crop health.
5. Healthcare Devices: Remote patient monitoring systems.

Long Answer Questions

i. How is AI software different from other software?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) software differs from traditional software in several ways. Traditional software follows a fixed set of programmed rules, while AI software can learn, adapt, and make decisions based on data and experience.

Differences between AI software and traditional software:

Basis
AI Software
Traditional Software
Functionality
Mimics human intelligence, can learn and adapt.
Performs predefined tasks based on fixed rules.
Learning Ability
Uses machine learning and data to improve performance over time.
Cannot learn or change unless reprogrammed.
Decision Making
Makes autonomous decisions using algorithms and data.
Executes instructions exactly as coded.
Error Handling
Can analyze and self-correct errors
Requires manual debugging and corrections
Data Processing
Handles unstructured and large datasets (e.g., text, images).
Mainly processes structured data.
Examples
Chatbots, self-driving cars, face recognition systems.
Word processors, spreadsheets, database systems.
ii. What are the different fields where big data is used?
Big data is used in various fields to analyze large and complex datasets for insights and decision-making.

Major fields where big data is used:
1. Healthcare:
   -Used for disease prediction, patient monitoring, and personalized medicine.
   -Helps hospitals manage resources and improve patient care.
2. Education:
   -Analyzes student performance and learning patterns.
   - Supports personalized learning and curriculum design.
3. Banking and Finance:
   -Detects fraudulent transactions and manages risks.
   -Analyzes customer spending behavior for targeted marketing.
4. Business and Marketing:
   -Helps companies understand market trends and consumer preferences.
   -Improves product recommendations and customer satisfaction.
5. Government and Public Services:
   -Used for urban planning, public safety, and disaster management.
   -Enhances e-governance and service delivery.
6. Transportation:
   -Optimizes traffic flow and route planning.
   -Supports autonomous vehicle systems.
7. Agriculture:
   -Analyzes soil, weather, and crop data for better yield.
8. Social Media:
   -Analyzes user activity to understand trends and sentiments.

iii. What are the advantages and disadvantages of E-Commerce?
Advantages of E-Commerce:
1. Convenience: Customers can shop anytime and anywhere.
2. Wider Reach: Businesses can reach global markets.
3. Cost Reduction: Lowers the cost of operation and inventory management.
4. Product Comparison: Allows users to compare products easily.
5. Customer Data: Businesses can collect customer data for targeted marketing.

Disadvantages of E-Commerce:
1. Security Risks: Online transactions may face cyber threats and data theft.
2. Lack of Personal Interaction: No direct contact with sellers or products.
3. Delivery Issues: Possible delays or damaged goods.
4. Technical Problems: Website crashes or server downtime affect sales.
5. Dependence on Internet: Requires a stable internet connection.

iv. How can the public get benefited from E-Governance services?
E-Governance uses ICT (Information and Communication Technology) to provide public services electronically, ensuring better communication between the government and citizens.

Benefits to the Public:
1. Easy Access to Services: Citizens can access government services anytime and anywhere via the internet.
2. Transparency: Reduces corruption by allowing citizens to monitor processes and information.
3. Time and Cost Saving: Minimizes paperwork and travel time.
4. Faster Service Delivery: Speeds up procedures such as license renewals, bill payments, etc.
5. Citizen Participation: Encourages feedback and participation in decision-making.
6. Accountability: Government departments are more responsible and traceable.
7. Digital Inclusion: Promotes ICT awareness and skill development among citizens.

v. Provide some examples of E-Governance services that exist in Nepal.
The Government of Nepal has implemented several E-Governance services to improve efficiency and accessibility.

Examples of E-Governance services in Nepal:
1. Online Tax Payment (IRD Portal):
   Citizens can pay income tax and VAT online through the Inland Revenue Department’s website.
2. Passport Application System:
   The Department of Passport offers online application and renewal services.
3. Driving License and Vehicle Registration:
   The Department of Transport Management (DoTM) provides online license application and vehicle renewal services.
4. Online Visa Services:
   The Immigration Department offers online visa application and extension services.
5. eSewa / Khalti Integration:
   Citizens can pay electricity, water, and internet bills online using digital payment gateways.
6. Nepal Government Portal (nepal.gov.np):
   A central portal that provides links to various government departments and services.
7. SEE and NEB Result Portals:
   Students can view results online through official websites.

vi. How do you think IoT devices can help in our day-to-day life?
The Internet of Things (IoT) connects everyday devices to the internet, allowing them to send, receive, and analyze data. IoT has become a major part of modern life.

Ways IoT helps in daily life:
1. Smart Homes:
   Devices like smart lights, thermostats, and security cameras improve comfort, energy efficiency, and safety.
2. Healthcare:
   Wearable fitness trackers and remote monitoring devices help track heart rate, sleep, and health conditions.
3. Transportation:
   GPS and smart traffic systems reduce congestion and improve travel efficiency.
4. Agriculture:
   Sensors monitor soil moisture and weather to optimize irrigation and crop yield.
5. Industry (Smart Manufacturing):
   IoT helps automate machinery and monitor production in real time.
6. Energy Management:
   Smart meters and grids optimize electricity usage and reduce waste.
7. Public Safety:
   IoT-based surveillance and disaster alert systems ensure timely response.

Book’s Exercise page number-294

1. Multiple Choice Questions

i. What technology is being developed to create immersive, computer-generated environments that users can interact with using specialized hardware?

a. Artificial Intelligence

b. Quantum Computing

c. Virtual Reality

d. Blockchain

ii. Which technology involves the use of small interconnected devices embedded in everyday objects to collect and exchange data?

a. Quantum Computing

b. Internet of Things (IoT)

c. Artificial Intelligence

d. Augmented Reality

iii. What is cloud computing?

a. Storing data on physical servers

b. Accessing the internet from mobile devices

c. Running applications on a local computer

d. Delivering computing services over the internet

iv. What is the main service model in cloud computing that provides virtualized hardware resources over the internet?

a. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

b. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

c. Software as a Service (SaaS)

d. Data as a Service (DaaS)

v. Which cloud service offers a development environment with tools to build, test, and deploy applications?

a. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

b. Software as a Service (SaaS)

c. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

d. Function as a Service (FaaS)

vi. Which cloud computing model offers ready-to-use software applications delivered over the internet?

a. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

b. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

c. Software as a Service (SaaS)

d. Function as a Service (FaaS)

vii. What does "big data" refer to?

a. Any large collection of data

b. Data that cannot be processed

c. Data that is too complex to understand

d. Large and complex datasets that require specialized processing for analysis

viii. What does "mobile computing" refer to?

a. Using desktop computers

b. Interacting with servers remotely

c. Computing on the go using mobile devices

d. Cloud-based data storage

ix. Which mobile operating system is developed by Apple and is used exclusively on iPhones and iPads?

a. Android

b. Windows Mobile

c. iOS

d. BlackBerry OS

Short Answer Questions

i. What are the main features of robotics?

The main features of robotics are:

1. Sensing: Robots use sensors to detect changes in their environment.

2. Movement: They can move or manipulate objects using motors and actuators.

3. Programmability: Robots can be programmed to perform specific tasks.

4. Autonomy: They can operate independently with minimal human intervention.

5. Accuracy and Precision: Robots perform repetitive tasks with high precision and consistency.

ii. What are the advantages of cloud computing?

1. Cost Efficiency: Reduces the cost of buying and maintaining physical hardware.

2. Scalability: Resources can be increased or decreased as needed.

3. Accessibility: Data and applications can be accessed from anywhere via the internet.

4. Data Backup and Recovery: Provides automatic data backup and easy recovery.

5. Collaboration: Enables multiple users to work on the same data or project simultaneously.

iii. What are the advantages of big data?

1. Better Decision Making: Helps organizations make data-driven decisions.

2. Improved Customer Service: Businesses can understand customer behavior and preferences.

3. Fraud Detection: Helps detect unusual patterns and prevent fraud.

4. Operational Efficiency: Improves process optimization and reduces costs.

5. Innovation: Encourages development of new products and services based on data insights.

iv. What are some areas where AI can help us and how?

1. Healthcare: AI helps in diagnosing diseases and recommending treatments.

2. Education: Provides personalized learning and intelligent tutoring systems.

3. Transportation: Used in self-driving cars and traffic management.

4. Finance: Helps in detecting fraud and automating trading.

5. Customer Service: Chatbots and virtual assistants improve customer support.

v. What are the advantages of virtual reality?

1. Immersive Experience: Provides a realistic and interactive environment.

2. Enhanced Learning: Used in education and training simulations.

3. Entertainment: Widely used in gaming and virtual tours.

4. Remote Work: Enables virtual meetings and collaboration.

5. Medical Training: Helps doctors practice surgeries in a risk-free environment.

vi. Define E-Governance. Write its advantages.

E-Governance is the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to deliver government services, exchange information, and improve interaction between the government and citizens.

Advantages:

1. Transparency: Reduces corruption by making processes more open.

2. Efficiency: Speeds up government services and decision-making.

3. Accessibility: Citizens can access services anytime and anywhere.

4. Cost Reduction: Lowers administrative and operational costs.

5. Citizen Participation: Encourages public engagement in governance.

vii. List the principles of mobile computing.

1. Portability: Devices can be easily carried and used anywhere.

2. Connectivity: Continuous access to network and internet services.

3. Interactivity: Enables real-time interaction between users and systems.

4. Individuality: Services are personalized for each user.

5. Security: Protects user data and ensures secure communication.

viii. What is IoT? Write any two importance of it.

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices that can collect, exchange, and process data through the internet.

Importance:

1. Automation: Enables smart homes, smart cities, and automated industries.

2. Efficiency: Improves resource management and reduces energy consumption.

ix. Give some examples of IoT devices and their applications.

1. Smart Home Devices: Smart bulbs, thermostats, and security cameras used for home automation.

2. Wearable Devices: Smartwatches and fitness bands used for health monitoring.

3. Smart Cars: Used for navigation, traffic updates, and safety alerts.

4. Smart Agriculture: Sensors used to monitor soil moisture and crop health.

5. Healthcare Devices: Remote patient monitoring systems.

Long Answer Questions

i. How is AI software different from other software?

Differences between AI software and traditional software:

Basis	AI Software	Traditional Software
Functionality	Mimics human intelligence, can learn and adapt.	Performs predefined tasks based on fixed rules.
Learning Ability	Uses machine learning and data to improve performance over time.	Cannot learn or change unless reprogrammed.
Decision Making	Makes autonomous decisions using algorithms and data.	Executes instructions exactly as coded.
Error Handling	Can analyze and self-correct errors	Requires manual debugging and corrections
Data Processing	Handles unstructured and large datasets (e.g., text, images).	Mainly processes structured data.
Examples	Chatbots, self-driving cars, face recognition systems.	Word processors, spreadsheets, database systems.