2081 NEB Grade 12
Group B – Short Answer Questions
10. Explain any two advantages of DBMS
over traditional file system.
A Database Management System (DBMS) is
better than a traditional file system in many ways.
Advantage are:
1.
Reduced
Data Redundancy: In a traditional file system, the same data may be stored in
many files, causing duplication.In DBMS, data is stored in a single place and
shared, so duplication is reduced.
2. Improved Data Security:In a file system, anyone can access files easily.In DBMS, access control is provided, so only authorized users can view or modify data.
OR
Differentiate between First Normal Form (1NF) and Second Normal Form (2NF) with an example.
|
1NF (First Normal Form) |
2NF (Second Normal Form) |
|
1NF removes multiple values from a single
field and ensures each cell contains only one value. |
2NF removes partial dependency by making
sure non-key attributes depend on the full primary key. |
|
In 1NF, data may still be repeated even
though values are atomic. |
In 2NF, repeated data is reduced by
separating related data into different tables. |
|
1NF focuses on organizing data into rows and
columns properly. |
2NF focuses on the relationship between
primary keys and other attributes. |
Example:
Un- normalized
table
|
Roll No. |
Name |
Subject |
Teacher |
Department |
|
1 |
Ram |
Account, Nepali |
Hari, Gita |
Account,Nepali |
|
2 |
Sita |
Nepali |
Gita |
Nepali |
1NF
|
Roll No. |
Name |
Subject |
Teacher |
Department |
|
1 |
Ram |
Account |
Hari |
Account |
|
1 |
Ram |
Nepali |
Gita |
Nepali |
|
2 |
Sita |
Nepali |
Gita |
Nepali |
·
1NF
means each field should contain only one value, not multiple values together.
·
In
above example, subjects and teachers are split into separate rows so there is
only one subject and one teacher per row.
·
This
removes repeating groups and makes the table easier to read and search.
2NF
Student
|
Roll No. |
Name |
|
1 |
Ram |
|
2 |
Sita |
Subject
|
Subject |
Teacher |
Department |
|
Account |
Hari |
Account |
|
Nepali |
Gita |
Nepali |
Enrollment
|
Roll No. |
Subject |
|
1 |
Account |
|
1 |
Nepali |
|
2 |
Nepali |
· 2NF
means the table is already in 1NF and all non-key data depends on the whole
primary key.
· In
above example, student details are moved to a Student table
and subject details to a Subject table, instead of repeating
them.
· This
reduces duplication of data like student names and teacher information.
<html>
<head>
<title>Even
or Odd</title>
</head>
<body>
<script>
var
num = parseInt(prompt("Enter a number"));
if(num
% 2 == 0){
document.write(num
+ " is Even");
}
else {
document.write(num
+ " is Odd");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
OR
What is the purpose of the
mysqli_connect() function in PHP? Describe its parameters.
The mysqli_connect() function
is used to establish a connection
to a MySQL database using the MySQLi (MySQL Improved) extension in PHP.
Syntax:
mysqli_connect(host, username, password, database, port, socket);
|
Parameter |
Description |
|
host |
The
hostname or IP address of the MySQL server (e.g., "localhost"). |
|
username |
MySQL
username (e.g., "root"). |
|
password |
Password
for the MySQL user. Mostly it is empty. |
|
database |
Name
of the database to connect to. |
Example:
<?php
$connection
= mysqli_connect("localhost", "root", "",
"school");
if
(!$connection) {
die("Connection failed: " . mysqli_connect_error());
}
echo
"Connected successfully";
?>
12. Short note on class and object in
OOP with an example.
In Object-Oriented
Programming (OOP), classes and objects are fundamental
concepts.
Class:A class is
a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines the properties
(attributes) and behaviors (methods) that objects created from the class will
have.
Example:
A Car class might have properties like color, model,
and speed, and methods like accelerate() and brake().
Object:An object is
an instance of a class. It represents an entity with specific values for the
class’s attributes and can perform actions defined by the class’s methods.
Example:
A specific car like a "red Ferrari" is an object of
the Car class.
Programming
example in C++:
class student{ private:int id;
public:void getdatat(){ }} ;
int main()
{
student
obj;obj.getdata();
}
Here, obj is an object. student is a class.
13. How do various requirement gathering
techniques help in achieving a careful grasp of user needs and system
requirements during SDLC's analysis phase?
During
the Analysis Phase of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), various
requirement gathering techniques help in accurately understanding user needs
and system requirements. Here's how they contribute:
·
Interviews
Directly
engaging with stakeholders helps collect specific requirements, clarify user
expectations, and uncover potential issues early on.
·
Surveys
and Questionnaires
Efficient
for gathering feedback from a large number of users, identifying common needs,
preferences, and concerns.
·
Use
Cases and User Stories
These
techniques describe how users interact with the system, ensuring a focus on
user-centric features and functionality.
·
Workshops
Collaborative
sessions with stakeholders allow for deeper discussions, prioritization of
requirements, and consensus-building on key features.
·
Prototyping
Developing
prototypes helps stakeholders visualize the system early, refine requirements,
and identify missing or misunderstood features.
14. Give five examples of AI applications in the education.
AI
(Artificial Intelligence) refers to the capability of machines or software to
simulate human intelligence. It involves the development of systems that can
perform tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making
by analyzing data and adapting over time.
Its
applications in the education are given below.
·
Personalized
Learning
AI-driven systems analyze student performance and tailor content to individual
learning styles and paces, helping students grasp concepts more effectively.
·
Intelligent
Tutoring Systems
AI tutors provide real-time feedback and personalized assistance to students,
helping them with subjects like math, science, and language by identifying
areas of difficulty.
·
Automated
Grading
AI can grade assignments and exams, especially for objective questions like
multiple choice, short answers, and essays, reducing teachers' workload and
providing faster feedback.
·
Virtual
Learning Assistants
AI-powered chatbots or virtual assistants help students navigate courses,
answer questions, and offer resources, making learning more accessible.
·
Predictive
Analytics
AI uses data to predict student outcomes, such as identifying students at risk
of underperforming, allowing for timely interventions and support.
Group C – Long Answer Questions
15. Explain the difference between star
,bus and ring network topologies with examples.
|
Star Topology |
Bus Topology |
Ring Topology |
|
All computers are connected to a
central hub or switch |
All computers are connected to a
single main cable (backbone) |
Computers are connected in a circular
loop |
|
Central device (hub/switch) is
required |
No central device is required |
No central device is required |
|
Data passes through the central
device |
Data travels along the main cable in
both directions |
Data flows in one direction around the
ring |
|
Failure of one computer does not
affect the network |
Failure of one computer does not
affect the network |
Failure of one computer affects the
entire network |
|
Failure of hub or switch stops the
whole network |
Failure of backbone cable stops the
whole network |
Failure of any cable stops the whole
network |
|
Easy to maintain and troubleshoot |
Difficult to maintain and troubleshoot
|
Difficult to maintain and troubleshoot |
16.
Write a C program using structures to store and display book details.
#include<stdio.h>
struct book
{
char b_title[100];
char b_author[100];
char b_publisher[100];
float b_price;
}a[5];
int main()
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
printf("enter book
title\n");
scanf("%s",&a[i].b_title);
printf("enter book
author\n");
scanf("%s",&a[i].b_author);
printf("enter book
publisher\n");
scanf("%s",&a[i].b_publisher);
printf("enter book
price\n");
scanf("%f",&a[i].b_price);
}
printf("the records
are:\n");
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
printf("book
title=%s\n",a[i].b_title);
printf("book author
is=%s\n",a[i].b_author);
printf("book
publisher is=%s\n",a[i].b_publisher);
printf("book price
is=%f",a[i].b_price);
}
return 0;
}
OR
Write a C program using binary file handling
(putw(), getw()).
In
C programming, binary file handling is
the process of reading from or writing to files in binary mode. Unlike text
files, binary files store data in the same format as in memory — not
human-readable but more efficient for storing complex data structures.
Why
Binary Files?
·
Faster access and
processing.
·
Stores exact memory
representation (good for structs).
·
Useful for
multimedia, database, or large data applications
Example:
FILE
*fp = fopen("student.dat", "wb");
In
this example, the file 'stuent.data' stores data in binary format because we
have used the mode 'wb'. Here 'b' stands for binary mode.
putw() and
getw():
In
C, putw() and getw() are simple functions used to write and read integers to/from
a binary file. They are used for binary I/O and work
directly with integer values.
Syntax:
int
putw(int n, FILE *fp);
int
variable=getw(FILE *fp);
#include<stdio.h>
int
main()
{
FILE *k;
int number;
k=
fopen("file.txt","wb+");
printf("enter number. To exit,
press ctrl+z\n");
while(((scanf("%d",&number)))!=EOF)
{
putw(number,k);
}
rewind(k);
while((number=getw(k))!=EOF)
{
printf("%d\n",number);
}
printf("data read.");
fclose(k);
return 0;
}